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- NATION, Page 28Dining with Invisible DangerMeals are rarely deadly, but consumers have reason to complainBy Anastasia Toufexis
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- Remember the good old days when Americans did not know too much
- about what they were eating and drinking? People would nod
- approvingly as they pushed their carts through supermarkets. The
- fruits and vegetables were piled high in glistening mounds, the
- pristine boxes and shiny cans crammed on shelves, the chickens
- sitting plumply in refrigerated cases, and the fish shimmering on
- crystalline beds of ice. The entire scene seemed drenched in
- wholesomeness.
-
- Those days are long gone. Last week's panics over poisoned
- grapes and tainted apples were merely the latest in a relentless
- series of food scares. Anyone who reads newspapers or watches TV
- knows that invisible dangers lurk in every aisle of the grocery
- store. Shoppers have been told that the produce is peppered with
- pesticides, the boxes and cans packed with treacherous additives,
- the meat stuffed with powerful drugs, the chickens spattered with
- bacteria, and the fish steeped in chemical wastes. Even the cool,
- clear water that comes out of every kitchen tap is suspected of
- being a witch's brew laced with lead, microorganisms and industrial
- pollutants. To many people, eating and drinking have become
- death-defying feats. No wonder sales of "organic" foods and bottled
- waters have surged to new heights.
-
- Is the growing paranoia justified? How safe are the U.S. food
- and water supplies? The reassuring answer: very safe. In fact, the
- country's food and water systems are the safest in its history and
- among the safest in the world today. Despite all the alarms, the
- dangers to human health appear to be quite small.
-
- Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view
- of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of
- the department of food science and nutrition at the University of
- Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from
- bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people
- believe, "the streets would be littered with people lying in the
- gutters."
-
- Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is
- no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department
- at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to
- 10% of a plant's weight is made up of natural pesticides. Says he:
- "Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they
- employ chemical warfare." And many naturally produced chemicals,
- though occurring in tiny amounts, prove to be potent carcinogens
- in laboratory tests. Mushrooms and broccoli might be banned if they
- were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives.
- Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University:
- "We've got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than
- anything man-made."
-
- Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no
- reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have
- every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water
- safety. They unwittingly and unwillingly ingest too much of too
- many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural
- carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new
- man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts
- of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few
- individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they
- eat and drink.
-
- To make good food and water supplies even better, the
- Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its
- inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The
- food industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn
- to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers
- will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook
- food properly. The problems that need to be addressed exist all
- along the food-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to
- kitchens.